Clausius-Clapeyron Equation Example Problem

Clausius Problem The Clausius-Clapeyron equation may be used to estimate vapor pressure as a function of temperature or to find the heat of the phase transition from the vapor pressures at two temperatures. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is a related named for Rudolf Clausius and Benoit Emile Clapeyron. The equation describes the phase transition between two phases of matter that have the same composition. When graphed, the relationship between temperature and pressure of a liquid is a curve rather than a straight line. In the case of water, for example, vapor pressure increases much faster than temperature. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the slope of the tangents to the curve. Clausius This example problem demonstrates how to use the Clausius-Clapeyron equation to predict the vapor pressure of a solution. Problem: The vapor pressure of 1-propanol is 10.0 torr at 14.7  °C. Calculate the vapor pressure at 52.8  °C.Given:Heat of vaporization of 1-propanol 47.2 kJ/mol Solution The Clausius-Clapeyron equation relates a solutions vapor pressures at different temperatures to the heat of vaporization. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation is expressed byln[PT1,vap/PT2,vap] (ΔHvap/R)[1/T2 - 1/T1]whereΔHvap is the enthalpy of vaporization of the solutionR is the ideal gas constant 0.008314 kJ/K ·molT1 and T2 are the absolute temperatures of the solution in KelvinPT1,vap and PT2,vap is the vapor pressure of the solution at temperature T1 and T2Step 1 - Convert  °C to KTK  °C 273.15T1 14.7  °C 273.15T1 287.85 KT2 52.8  °C 273.15T2 325.95 KStep 2 - Find PT2,vapln[10 torr/PT2,vap] (47.2 kJ/mol/0.008314 kJ/K ·mol)[1/325.95 K - 1/287.85 K]ln[10 torr/PT2,vap] 5677(-4.06 x 10-4)ln[10 torr/PT2,vap] -2.305take the antilog of both sides 10 torr/PT2,vap 0.997PT2,vap/10 torr 10.02PT2,vap 100.2 torr Answer: The vapor pressure of 1-propanol at 52.8  °C is 100.2 torr.

New France essays

New France essays From the time Samuel de Champlain first stepped foot on Canadian soil to the Jesuits setting up permanent missionaries on the First Nations land, it was evident that the colonization of New France would not be easy. After many failed attempts at creating a settlement along the St. Lawrence River, it was only in 1701 when the Iroquois reached a peace agreement with the French, that allowed New France the opportunity to expand and flourish. The purpose of the young colony, if it succeeded, was to help make France rich and so mercantilism was enforced to insure all goods would only be available to the mother country as well as its colonies in the Caribbean. In order for this to work however, New France had to be self-sufficient and from there a new community was born. A Government designed to oversee the activity of New France was put in place by the Crown, and with the growth of settlement, the economic face of the colony began to change along with the social aspect which included the influence the Church had on the Canadians. All these factors came into play to create New France, a new distinct community, very different from what Old France had in mind when they first sent explorers down the St. Lawrence. With Louis XIV on the throne of France, an absolute monarchy was created where all authority would come from him. New France was then declared a royal province and under his control. Jean-Baptiste Colbert was appointed the title: Minister of Marines, and below him in order of power came The Governor, The Intendant, The bishop and the appointed councillors, all of whom made up the Sovereign Council Under Colberts supervision the seigneurial system was adopted to control land titles among the settlers. Two distinct groups emerged from this system: The Seigneurs, mostly made up of nobles and religious bodies, and The Censitaires, who were known as peasant settlers. The seigneurs had rights over the soil, howev...

How to Answer the Hypothetical Interview Question

How to Answer the Hypothetical Interview Question Pop quiz, hotshot: It’s your first day on the job, and everything is going wrong. How do you fix it? If you get this kind of question during a job interview, it can be alarming, to say the least. It feels like the interviewer is giving you a direct challenge, and if you answer incorrectly, you shall not pass. But if you are asked to solve a hypothetical problem, don’t panic. There’s a method that will help you get through it. Here’s how you can answer the hypothetical interview question.DO take a few seconds to gather yourself.First instincts may get you through in bar trivia nights or emergency situations, but this is neither. You want to make sure you’re giving a reasoned, thoughtful response. The person is testing your problem solving skills and your thinking processes, so you want to make sure you’re showing those off.DON’T blurt out the first thing that comes to mind.This isn’t Jeopardy!, and you don’t get a bonus fo r being the first to buzz in. Again, the interviewer is watching you to see how you approach something, not just the end result.DO ask questions if you need to clarify.This can also buy you a little thinking-on-your-feet time.DON’T ramble or go off on tangents.This is a nervous habit that can be tough to break, and the best way to get around that tendency is to think about this ahead of time. Sure, it’s difficult to anticipate beforehand exactly what (if any) hypothetical situations the interviewer could use, so do some general prep.Look closely at the job description. Is it heavy on client service? If so, you might be asked to talk about how to handle a sticky situation with a client or stakeholder. Is the job focused around deadlines? You might have to field a question about what to do about potentially missing one of those deadlines. It’s unlikely that the interviewer will ask you something entirely unrelated to the job you’re seeking, so the descripti on is a good place to start for anticipating such a question.DO think about your own history.The hypothetical question is a cousin to the â€Å"tell me about a time you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  question. And that’s one you should already have in your pocket ahead of interview day. Have you-specific examples of things like problem solving, communication successes, or challenges you’ve faced down. If these are at all related to the hypothetical situation posed, you can adapt. If it’s very similar, you can say, â€Å"That’s actually like a situation I had at X Corp. Here’s what I did in that scenario†¦Ã¢â‚¬ DON’T feel pressured to give a definitive answer to the problem.Talk about the process of resolving: where you would start, who you would loop in, which steps you would take to arrive at a possible solution, and then what you would do to choose the best option. The interviewer isn’t asking you to solve the problem and achieve world peace right now, she wants to see how you would approach it.The hypothetical question can be a sticky point in an interview, but if you know what they’re looking for (process) and how to lay it out (clearly and calmly), you’ll be past it and back into more familiar territory in no time.

Communication 380 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication 380 - Coursework Example What is the pattern of the pronunciation variation? The pattern of the variation is in the chorus line. The first two times the group uses the phrase â€Å"stick witch you†, whereas in the third usage in the chorus it is â€Å"with you†. 2. What is the effect of such deliberate dialect code switching on you personally? I would not have noticed it if it had not been pointed out to me, and since it has been, I find it irritating and annoying. 3. Do you think that other people listening to the song will react differently to it than you? Yes, I do think that others will react differently. As with most popular song lyrics, unless a word or phrase used garners an emotional reaction, it goes unnoticed. 4. Do you think this song is aimed for a male or female audience? I think that this song is aimed more towards a female audience, since people have a strong tendency to notice chorus lines that â€Å"speak† to them. In turn, this initiates an emotional reaction, which the n starts the person’s thought processes about someone in their life. 5. Why does she vary her pronunciation? She varies her pronunciation because of the rhythm of the song itself. In the first two instances of using â€Å"stick witch you†, the beat of the music is slightly faster than in the third instance, which is also the ending of the chorus line. 3 Part 3: Matching current words to their historical roots 1. Kingdom correlates to F. Anglo Saxon cyne, meaning â€Å"royal† 2. Toast (as in â€Å"to your health†) correlates to H. Scottish toss as in â€Å"toss a drink† 3. Wedlock correlates to E. Anglo Saxon wed, meaning â€Å"pledge or engagement† and lac, meaning â€Å"offering or giftâ€Å". 4. Fancy (as in imagination) correlates to G. French pensee, meaning â€Å"thought† 5. Cutlet correlates to A. Latin costa, meaning â€Å"rib† 6. Cockatoo correlates to B. Hindustani kakatua, a word imitative of its cry 7. Country Danc e correlates to D. French contre meaning â€Å"opposite† 8. Cold Slaw (or Cole Slaw) correlates to C. Dutch kool meaning â€Å"cabbage† and sla meaning â€Å"salad†. 4 Part 4: Misanalyses 1. Sick-as-hell anemia is â€Å"sickle cell anemia† 2. Old-timer’s disease is â€Å"Alzheimer’s disease† 3. Smiling Mighty Jesus is â€Å"spinal meningitis† 4. For all intensive purposes is â€Å"for all intents and purposes† 5. A blessing in the skies is â€Å"a blessing in disguise† 6. Spitting image is â€Å"splitting image† 5 Part 5: â€Å"Chat with A.L.I.C.E.† (pandorabots.com) 1. Are A.L.I.C.E.’s responses semantically appropriate? The semantics of A.L.I.C.E.’s responses are determined by the use of language, and how they are worded to her. Oftentimes, they are not appropriate, i.e. she asked how I was doing, and I responded with â€Å"I am lovely†. Her response was if that â€Å"made me feel superior†. 2. Are they pragmatically appropriat

Managing across Cultures ( My sis ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managing across Cultures ( My sis ) - Essay Example Models of Cultural Dimension Hofstede Model Geert Hofstede cultural dimension theory was introduced in 1993. While working in international business it becomes essential to understand the different cultures of the people and based on this various decision can be taken. In this theory different management concept and practices in different countries has been evaluated by analysing five dimensions of culture. Power Distance: It is the extent to which inequality between the powers of the people of a country is distributed. High power distance based cultures are generally hierarchical in nature in which everybody is placed. Low power distance culture implies equalisation of power and wants justification of power inequalities when it occurs. France and India are examples of countries that are high in power distance. The Netherlands is a country that is low in power distance. ... It has been found that men are considered violent and competitive, whereas women are supposed to be gentle and are concerned with home and family. Uncertainty Avoidance: It defines the point at which a value of the culture is predictable in nature and whether the people assume new ideas as risky or challenge. Hofstede finds that people who prefer to avoid uncertainty believe in the rules that are made to be followed. They should be with the organisation for a lifetime and for this uncertainty level there is stressful life. Japan is an example of a country that is high in uncertainty avoidance. India and the US are examples of countries that are low in uncertainty avoidance. Long-Term Orientation versus Short-Term Orientation: It is the cultural attribute that focuses on whether people is focussed on long term benefit such as saving money for the future or on the short term basis that like abide by the various social responsibility and traditions (Changing Minds, 2011). Source: (Desig ned for Africa, 2010). While working overseas in different countries with different people, at first their national culture with these dimensions is to be evaluated. Hofstede’s theory demonstrates that with one or more of the dimension all the countries are different in certain way or the other from each other. Trompenaars Model Trompenaars is a Dutch culturalist who has introduced international culture. In this model major dimension of person versus task and centralised versus decentralised have been determined. The various cultural dimension of this model are: Universalism vs. Particularism: The high universalism culture stress on formal rules and contracts to their individual

Statistics 401 Mod 3 SLP - Hypothesis Testing II Coursework

Statistics 401 Mod 3 SLP - Hypothesis Testing II - Coursework Example It is merely based on a hunch or general observation without hard facts to support it. This implies that it calls for a means of testing whether or not it is true at the end of the research. There are two types of hypothesis; one is the null hypothesis which implores that there is no relationship between two variables under observation. In the case of this study in which the variables are my stock price and the DJIA, The null hypothesis is that there is no relationship between my stock price and the DJIA. The second type of hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis. This offers the opposite idea from that of the null hypothesis. It states that indeed there is a relationship between the two variables in question. ... 1.86 3.46 -12.87 54 15.08 227.41 12 -2.41 5.81 36.34 48 9.08 82.45 18 3.59 12.89 32.59 37 -1.92 3.69 16 1.86 3.46 3.57 70 31.08 965.97 15 0.59 0.35 18.34 23 -15.92 253.45 12 -2.41 5.81 38.37 36 -2.92 8.53 13 -1.41 1.99 4.12 35 -3.92 15.37 14 -0.41 0.17 1.61 21 -17.92 321.13 11 -3.41 11.63 61.11 55 16.08 258.57 16 1.86 3.46 29.91 TOTAL 467 2183.95 173 52.66 208.61 AVERAGE 38.92 14.41 r= 208.61 [(sqrt 2183.95)(sqrt 52.66)] = 0.309 Confirming in the table of the value of r shown below:- If r = +.70 or higher Very strong positive relationship +.40 to +.69 Strong positive relationship +.30 to +.39 Moderate positive relationship +.20 to +.29 weak positive relationship +.01 to +.19 No or negligible relationship -.01 to -.19 No or negligible relationship -.20 to -.29 weak negative relationship -.30 to -.39 Moderate negative relationship -.40 to -.69 Strong negative relationship -.70 or higher Very strong negative relationship ‘r’ is between 0.30 and 0.39 and therefore a moderate positive relationship. This implies that there is moderate positive relationship between my stock price and the DJIA. This confirms the alternative hypothesis which stated that; there is a relationship between my stock price and the DJIA REFERENCES Soper, H.E., Young, A.W., Cave, B.M., Lee, A., Pearson, K. (1917). "On the distribution of the correlation coefficient in small samples. Appendix II to the papers of "Student" and R. A. Fisher. A co-operative study", Biometrika, 11, 328-413.

Search Engine Optimization Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Search Engine Optimization - Research Paper Example This is to mean that, white hats use terms appropriately to ensure that their websites are visible. On the other hand, black fill their websites with content or words that get plenty of hits from search engines. White hats, when compared to black hats have distinct characteristics that put them apart in favor or against one another as one of the uses unscrupulous means and makes attractive promises (Creative Momentum 1). In relation to white hat search engine optimization, it follows regulations and guidelines to the letter, as provided by search engines to ensure that websites are visible to all that require information from them. This includes careful use of words that get numerous hits from search engines such that the words used are not meant to bloat documents or articles in the website. Instead, the words used are of a unique nature in that they are informative and, at times, act as support words for the whole article and not for exploiting the abilities of search engines. As s uch, websites are designed with certain aspects in mind; these include rules and norms, as well as a code of ethics to ensure that all internet activities are conducted with transparency. Based on this, following the guidelines of search engines for optimizing visibility, ensures that the ever-changing algorithms applied by search engines (Revenuewire 2) achieve transparency. This shields legal or appropriate sites from relegation, and thus gets high ratings by following meeting the terms of use on multiple levels. The white hat optimizers or designers, therefore, apply to the intelligence and needs of internet users to deliver quality content that does not fool search engines by giving false information, including in the titles of the websites. In relation to domain naming, white hat optimizers allow the actual intent of the website to appear rather than mislead the search engine user into logging into it for irrelevant content. These are the distinct characteristics of â€Å"whit e hat† search engine optimization due to their compliant nature, which offers protection from removal and relegation. On the other hand, black hat search engine optimizers have their own code of ethics, or lack of it thereof that sees them dump the rulebook and carry the day, but only for limited moment (Smith 5). Black hat optimization in search engines involves the application of hidden content, where there are numerous links and articles, as well as documents that are spammed with keywords, which serve as crucial gateway points for search engines. This is in relation to search engines accessing the site due to its heavy saturation with such words that are mainly used by internet users to query information from the internet. Information is usually hidden in scripts and non-script parts of code in a website, where search engines only expose it as its algorithms crawl the internet. In addition black hat optimizations tends to have meta-keyword stuffing, where in the descriptio n of the website, or even in its headers, it has numerous keywords (Wilding). These words raise the flags, both red and white for search engines thus improving the ranking of a website, especially in marketing and sites that market content to generate revenue. Through this, it is evident that black hat optimizers are only